/*  Directional Statistics Functions

    Bingham and Watson Distributions and functions to approximate their normalizing constant
    
    Stam Sotiropoulos  - FMRIB Image Analysis Group
 
    Copyright (C) 2011 University of Oxford  */

/*  Part of FSL - FMRIB's Software Library
    http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl
    fsl@fmrib.ox.ac.uk
    
    Developed at FMRIB (Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance
    Imaging of the Brain), Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford
    University, Oxford, UK
    
    
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#if !defined (Bingham_Watson_approx_h)
#define Bingham_Watson_approx_h

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#define WANT_STREAM
#define WANT_MATH
#include <string>
#include "miscmaths/miscmaths.h"
#include "miscmaths/nonlin.h"
#include "stdlib.h"


using namespace NEWMAT;
using namespace MISCMATHS;


  #ifndef M_PI
  #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
  #endif

  #define INV3 0.333333333333333   // 1/3
  #define SQRT3 1.732050807568877 //sqrt(3)
  #define INV54 0.018518518518519 // 1/54
 
  #define min3(a,b,c)  (a < b ? min(a,c) : min(b,c) )
 

  //Saddlepoint approximation of confluent hypergeometric function of a matrix argument B
  //Vector x has the eigenvalues of B.
  float hyp_Sapprox(ColumnVector& x);

 
  //Saddlepoint approximation of confluent hypergeometric function of a matrix argument, with its eigenvalues being l1,l1,l2 or l1,l2,l2 with l1!=l2.
  //Vector x has the three eigenvalues. This function can be also used to approximate a confluent hypergeometric function of a scalar argument k
  //by providing x=[k 0 0].
  float hyp_Sapprox_twoequal(ColumnVector& x);

 
  //Saddlepoint approximation of the ratio of two hypergeometric functions, with matrix arguments L and B (3x3). Vectors xL & xB contain the eigenvalues of L and B.
  //Used for the ball & Binghams model. 
  float hyp_SratioB(ColumnVector& xL,ColumnVector& xB);


  //Saddlepoint aproximation of the ratio ot two hypergeometric functions with matrix arguments L and B in two steps: First denominator, then numerator. 
  //This allows them to be updated independently, used for the ball & Binghams model to compute the likelihood faster.
  //This function returns values used in the denominator approximation. xB containes the two non-zero eigenvalues of matrix B.
  ReturnMatrix approx_denominatorB(ColumnVector& xB);


  //Second step for saddlepoint approximation of the ratio of two hypergeometric functions with matrix arguments L and B (xL has the eigenvalues of L). 
  //Assume that the denominator has already been approximated by the function above and the parameters are stored in denomvals.
  //Here approximate the numerator and return the total ratio approximation.
  float hyp_SratioB_knowndenom(ColumnVector &xL,ColumnVector& denomvals);


  //Saddlepoint approximation of the ratio of two hypergeometric functions, one with matrix argument L and another with scalar argument k. Vector xL contains the eigenvalues of L.
  //Used for the ball & Watsons model. 
  float hyp_SratioW(ColumnVector& xL,const double k);


  //Saddlepoint aproximation of the ratio ot two hypergeometric functions, one with matrix arguments L and the other with scalar argument k in two steps: 
  //First denominator, then numerator. This allows them to be updated independently, used for the ball & Watsons model to compute the likelihood faster.
  //This function returns values used in the denominator approximation.
  ReturnMatrix approx_denominatorW(const double k);


  //Second step for saddlepoint approximation of the ratio of two hypergeometric functions, with matrix argument L and scalar argument k (xL has the eigenvalues of L). 
  //Assume that the denominator has already been approximated by the function above and the parameters are stored in denomvals.
  //Here approximate the numerator and return the total ratio approximation.
  float hyp_SratioW_knowndenom(ColumnVector &xL,ColumnVector& denomvals);


  //Using the values of vector x, construct a qubic equation and solve it analytically.
  //Solution used for the saddlepoint approximation of the confluent hypergeometric function with matrix argument B (3x3) (See Kume & Wood, 2005)
  //Vector x contains the eigenvalues of B. 
  float find_t(const ColumnVector& x);

  //cubic root
  float croot(const float& x);


#endif